Debt Financing for Businesses: A Simple Guide for Smart Growth

What is debt financing?

  • Companies, just like people, sometimes need extra money to buy cool stuff or do big projects.
  • Instead of saving up for ages, they can borrow money (called “debt”) and promise to pay it back later, plus a little extra (that’s the “interest”).
  • This is way faster than saving for everything, and helps companies grow!

Types of Debt Financing

  1. Bank Loans:
  • This is the classic “go to the bank” option.
  • The bank gives you a set amount of money, and you pay it back in regular payments (like your allowance, but bigger chunks).
  • Example: A bakery needs $20,000 for a new oven. They get a bank loan and pay it back over five years.

 

2.  SBA Loans:

  • These loans are like bank loans, but the “SBA” (Small Business Administration) helps make them happen.
  • The government says, “Hey bank, lend to this smaller company, and we’ll make it less risky for you.”
  • It’s great for new or smaller businesses that might have trouble getting a traditional loan on their own.

SBA 7(a) Loans

  • The most popular SBA loan: This is great for all sorts of business needs.
  • Max Amount: Up to $5 million
  • Examples of Use:
    • Buying equipment or machinery
    • Buying land or buildings
    • Hiring more people
    • Refinancing existing business debt

SBA 504 Loans

  • Focused on big stuff: These loans are for major fixed assets like fancy machinery or buying a whole building.
  • Max Amount: Up to $5 million (up to $5.5 million for certain energy-efficient projects or manufacturing).
  • Example of Use: A factory needs to buy a huge, expensive machine to make more products.

SBA Microloans

  • Helping smaller businesses get off the ground: These loans are for startups or businesses needing just a bit of extra cash.
  • Max Amount: Up to $50,000
  • Examples of Use:
    • Buying supplies and inventory
    • Renting a small workspace
    • Marketing your new business

3.  Mezzanine Debt

Hybrid Nature:

  • Mezzanine debt is like a blend of regular debt (bank loans) and equity (ownership in the company).
  • Lenders give the company money, but they also get something called “warrants.”
  • Warrants are the right to buy shares in the company at a set price later on. This makes it potentially more rewarding for the lender if the company does well.

Position in the Company’s Finances:

  • “Mezzanine” means “middle” – this debt sits in the middle of a company’s capital structure:
    • Senior Debt: Traditional loans from banks are on top. They get paid back first if something bad happens.
    • Mezzanine Debt: Sits below senior debt – riskier for the lender.
    • Equity: The owners’ stake in the company is at the bottom.

Why Companies Use It:

  • Growth: Companies that are growing quickly but don’t want to sell a big chunk of ownership may like this option.
  • Flexibility: Mezzanine debt can have more flexible repayment terms than traditional loans.
  • When banks get nervous: If a company is considered a bit riskier, traditional lenders might shy away. Mezzanine lenders are more open to risk in exchange for potential rewards.

The Downside:

  • Expensive: Mezzanine debt usually has higher interest rates than bank loans because the lenders take on more risk.
  • Potential Dilution: Those “warrants” the lenders get could mean existing owners have a smaller share of the company if the warrants are exercised.

Example: A hot new app company needs a ton of cash to make their app even better. Mezzanine debt lets them do that.

Other Types of Debt:

  1. Bonds:
  • Companies basically sell ‘IOUs’ to a bunch of investors.
  • Investors give money now, company pays it back later (plus interest).
  • Example: A big car maker might need billions to build a new factory. They issue bonds to get that money.
  1. Lines of Credit
  • Think of it like a company credit card.
  • The lender says, “You can borrow up to X amount whenever you need it.”
  • Great for unexpected expenses or when cash flow is up and down.
  • Example: A construction company gets busy sometimes and slow other times. They have a line of credit to make sure they can pay workers.

Important Things to Remember

  • Debt is NOT free money! You gotta pay it back, plus that extra “interest.”
  • Companies have to be careful not to borrow too much or they might not be able to make the payments.
  • Just like you choose your friends carefully, companies must pick the right type of debt for what they need!